圖書典藏及影音數位平台

基於水資源之永續利用及考量原有各水權人權益，同時兼顧河川生態環境，水權量之核發除自需求面考量，依據水利法第17條規定應以其「事業所必需者」為限外，於供給面方面，亦須依據水利法第21條規定根據水文測驗結果，考量區域內水源之水量水源在一定時期內之通常保持之水量，仍足以供給申請人事業所必需者始能核給地面水水權。原水利法施行細則(58年8月5日修正頒布)第67條水源「通常保持之水量」規定為「逐年平均量」，93年水利法施行細則修正後，該施行細則第15條第2項將地面水「通常保持之水量」修正為「流量超越機率百分之八十五之水量」。另水權登記審查作業要點第4點明訂水權水量核准之各項條件，即主管機關審核水權之引用水量時，應參酌引水地點之各月水文狀況、其上、下游已核准水權水量、環保基流量及事業所需用水量覈實核給。 為落實上開水利法規定，並建立科學化之供給面水量審核參考基準，本署（前經濟部水資源局）於85至87年委辦「台灣地區各水系水源任一斷面潛能水量分析」計畫，以降雨—逕流模式建構各流量站河川流量之超越機率分布，並以克利金區域統計分析方法推估未設水文站位置之流量超越機率分布。本署於93年參酌前述計畫成果，建置完成網路版「地面水潛能水量計算系統」，據以參考核發水權。 現有之「地面水潛能水量計算系統」建置時之時空背景為水利法施行細則尚未修正時，故其水源「通常保持之水量」仍以「逐年平均量」為準，為符合93年水利法施行細則修正後之規定，本署於98年辦理「地面水潛能水量計算模式改善與系統更新改善規劃之研究」計畫，進行水文資料更新，同時將水源「通常保持之水量」更新為「流量超越機率百分之八十五之水量」，此外，亦同時檢討現有「地面水潛能水量計算系統」之其他問題並提出改善建議。 由於本署現有之「地面水潛能水量計算系統」受限於當時相關資料庫與地理資訊系統資訊技術等限制，尚有流量站觀測資料受到上游人為取水之影響造成紀錄值偏低問題及上、下游已核准水權水量檢核採用簡化方法問題。此外，其所採用之克利金區域統計分析方法由於未與其他推估方法比較，亦無法確立該方法之適切性。囿於前述問題，參考現有系統計算結果進行供給面之水源水量審核時，將有所限制。爰此，本署於99至100年委辦「地面水可用水量與水權管理技術檢討改善研究」計畫，以大安溪為示範案例，採動態資料庫進行流量站紀錄值之還原與校正工作，同時建置完成一包含水庫蓄水、水力發電及越域引水等引水狀況之上、下游已核准水權水量檢核功能之地理資訊系統（GIS作業）平台。在前述計畫中，就未設水文站位置之流量推估方法，亦具體與迴歸分析模式與物理模式（TOPMODEL）進行比較評估。 前述計畫業已完成大安溪「地面水可用水量計算資訊雛形系統」之開發與測試工作，惟全台河川依據經濟部98年4月8日公告有中央管河川24水系、跨省市河川2水系及縣（市）管河川92水系，為完整建置全台河川之「地面水可用水量計算資訊系統」，以利於同一時間上線，作為水權核辦人員於地面水水權核發上供給面之共同參酌依據，本計畫將完成前述118條水系之「全台各河川水系地,面水可用水量計算資訊系統」建置，並考量經費、人力與迫切性等因素，於前2年完成複雜度較高之中央管河川及跨省市河川26水系之系統上線，再於第3年則完成縣（市）管河川之系統上線工作，藉以健全水權科學化管理技術，提昇水權核辦實務。

Abstract Water Act article 17 and 21 are related to water demand and supply parts. It is said in article 17 that the use of water shall be subject to restrictions based on needs at water demand part and in article 21 regular available water is sufficient for applicant at water supply part. This program build up a “Surface Water Availability Calculation System” to provide a scientific management tool for estimating water above. 1. Instruction The main items in this program including hydrological data processing and screening, water rights managing section building up, approved water rights checking, calculation system building up, special situation assessment and administrative assistance. The scope of this program including 118 river basin in Taiwan. 2. Hydrologic Network Data Screening and Flow Gauge Stations Correction and Restoration The gauge stations more than 10 years including 564 precipitation and 206 river flow gauge stations were used in the program. We checked days record number integrity, runoff coefficient, rainfall-runoff curve rationality over the years etc. and then choose 185 flow stations and their records’ years as the reference of building discharge estimation model section. We use principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis to group similar characteristic flow stations. The 8 elements used in PCA are catchment areas, mainstream river slopes, mainstream river length, average slopes, mean elevation, river frequency, rivers density and average annual flow. And then only 2~3 elements are screened out as principal components. Finally, we used two steps cluster analysis and grouped 26 river basin into 7 homogeneous regions which are Tamsui River region, Lanyan region, Hualian-Taidung region, Daan River to Dajia River region, Fengshan River to Houlong River region, Wu River to Jishui River region, and southern Zengwen River region. The data of flow gauge stations are those unaffected by human being. The way to correct and restore discharge are classify upstream water abstraction with “normal water abstraction”, “reservoir”, “hydropower” and “trans-regional area abstraction”. We analyzed the main type of upstream water abstraction and corrected the data by practical water abstraction record and then checked with year’s runoff coefficient and rainfall –runoff curve in each basin. After this process, we abolished 185 flow stations into 76 stations. 3. Water Rights Management Serial Section Building up Original geographic information system to automatically delimitation is only for upstream water right. This program build up serial section network for river section positioning and be able to judgy on the relationship between the upstream and downstream water rights automatically. There are two threshold to divide river sections are key control points water quantity and catchment area size. Each section reach one of the threshold was divided to one more river section and get a division code. There are 9,914 sections were divided in 31,361 km2 (87% of Taiwan). We executed automatic serial program according to division code to build section upstream and downstream network. The automatic program build up liner upstream point and downstream point relationship and trace upstream source and downstream outlet through Geographic Information Systems map points, lines and planes figure. We also build up Chinese and division code table of tributaries, sub-tributaries etc. as reference of river network topology structure. 4. Ungauged Location Water Exceedance Probability We estimate ungauged location by Kriging Method in 26 main river basins and run off coefficient in 92 municipal and county river basins. We also build up TOPMODEL in three river basins in 26 main river basins to verify the appropriateness of the regional analysis. At Kriging Method part, model calculate exceedance probability with runoff depth divided by catchment area. We used the space relationship with suitable semivariogram, first established SKAE through cross-validation mode, and then calculate SKV and MSE to find a better model, finally choose model’s parameters. At TOPMODEL part, we choose Tamsui, Tsengwen and Gaoping rivers to build the model to checked results with real data and compare with ungauged estimation results. The results shows that the cost and availability of Kriging regional analysis are more suitable. Because of ungauged in upstream catchment in municipal and county rivers, we used regionalized precipitation with month runoff coefficient and compared with the results of Kriging method and area ratio. The results shows that regionalized precipitation with month runoff coefficient is the best way. 5. Building Approved Water Rights Water Automatic Checking Function Current Surface Water Potential Computing Systems simplify automatic data checking way because of data environment and background. The way cause too much flow discharge reserve in river and some water right are not be considered. This program build up water right sections to solve upstream and downstream water right relationship problems and build up logical water right checking way which are “normal abstraction water right checking”, “pre-control discharge” and “uninfluenced existing downstream water right “three parts. In “normal abstraction water right part”, we calculate the maximum water to make sure water permits quantity isn’t more than maximum natural water quantity and reserve downstream water need. In “pre-control discharge” parts, we pre-adjust water quantity to those special water right like trans-regional area, across the month, reservoir or hydropower water need to avoid no water availability after normal water checking. The initial value of available water is 85% water exceedance probability. The system connect to water right database and do the checking process above and then get the surface available water. The 85% exceedance probability water quantity is about 200 billion m3 at 118 river basin outlet. After checking process, the available water remain 74.54 billion m3. In “uninfluenced existing downstream water right”, we calculate water right location interest related to the relationship of upstream and downstream unit area. If the application case is about hydropower or reservoir, we just calculate downstream relationship. 6. Building up “Surface Water Availability Calculation System” “Surface Water Availability Calculation System” is build up by RIA and web interface, calculating module and database. Users only need internet to get available water calculation results. The system provides calculated results of water availability, water rights downstream interests, exceedance probability etc. The calculation module including two parts: “regular pre-adjust” and ”instant calculation or inquiry”. The first parts automatic run every day in the morning to shorten the time of calculating. There are three parts of database: space database, water right database and map service. The system integrates 12 different techniques which are more advanced than foreign calculation systems. 7. Conclusion and Suggestion 85% exceedance probability water quantity is about 200 billion m3 at 118 river basin outlet which is less than the results 213 billion m3 of ex-system. However, after the checking process, the available water remain 74.54 billion m3. The results shows that “Surface Water Availability Calculation System” is able to use water more efficiency to solve the problem of reserving too much water in the river. To suggested, the shot-term goal should be holding educational training and build up river flow gauge stations. The mid-term goal are building up water laws and regulations and adjust local crucial point’s data. The long-term goal is communicating with water right applicant about the concepts of water right to improve water right registration rationality.